How to Use Korean Honorifics and Polite Speech

(한국어 존댓말과 공손한 표현 사용법)

Introduction

In Korean, honorifics and polite speech are crucial to effective communication. Korean society places a strong emphasis on hierarchy and respect, which is reflected in the language. Knowing when and how to use polite language is essential for anyone learning Korean, especially for maintaining respect in conversations.

1. What Are Honorifics?

Honorifics are a set of polite expressions used to show respect to others, especially based on their age, social status, or relationship to the speaker. In Korean, there are two types of language levels: 존댓말 (jondaetmal) and 반말 (banmal).

• 존댓말 (Polite Speech): This is the polite form used when speaking to people who are older, of higher social status, or strangers.
• 반말 (Informal Speech): This is used when speaking with close friends, younger people, or in casual settings.

2. When to Use 존댓말 (Polite Speech)

• With Strangers or People You Don’t Know Well: Always use polite language when speaking to people you are not familiar with.
• With Older People: It is customary to use polite speech when speaking to someone older than you.
• In Professional Settings: In the workplace, using polite speech is crucial to maintaining a respectful environment.
• In Formal Situations: If you are in a formal setting, such as a ceremony or business meeting, always use polite speech.

3. When to Use 반말 (Informal Speech)

• With Close Friends: If you’re talking to someone your age or younger who you’re close to, you can use informal speech.
• With Younger People: It’s acceptable to use informal speech with younger people (but be mindful of the situation).
• In Casual Conversations: With family or very close friends, informal speech is common.

4. How to Switch Between 존댓말 and 반말

Switching from polite to informal speech (or vice versa) depends on the context and relationship. However, it’s important to note that when in doubt, use 존댓말 to show respect. Even if someone uses informal speech, it’s a sign of courtesy to continue using polite speech until they suggest switching to informal language.

5. Common Polite Expressions in Korean

Here are some common phrases used in daily life to show respect:

• 감사합니다 (gamsahamnida) – Thank you
  • Usage: Used when you want to express gratitude in a formal way.
  • Example: “이 선물 정말 감사합니다.” (I really appreciate this gift.)
• 죄송합니다 (joesonghamnida) – I am sorry
  • Usage: Used to apologize in a polite and formal manner.
  • Example: “늦어서 죄송합니다.” (I’m sorry I’m late.)
• 부탁드립니다 (butakdeurimnida) – Please (requesting politely)
  • Usage: Used when making a polite request.
  • Example: “이 일을 도와주세요. 부탁드립니다.” (Please help with this task.)
• 수고하셨습니다 (sugohasyeossseubnida) – Thank you for your hard work
  • Usage: Used to appreciate someone’s efforts, especially at work.
  • Example: “오늘 회의 수고하셨습니다.” (Thank you for your hard work in today’s meeting.)

6. Differences Between 존댓말 and 반말

• Ending of Verbs:
  In 존댓말, verbs end in -요 (yo) or -니다 (nida). For example:
  • “밥 먹었어요?” (Did you eat?)
  • “오늘 날씨 좋네요.” (The weather is nice today.)
  In 반말, verbs end without any politeness marker, often with just the verb stem or casual endings. For example:
  • “밥 먹었어?” (Did you eat?)
  • “오늘 날씨 좋다.” (The weather is nice today.)
• Pronouns:
  Pronouns also differ between 존댓말 and 반말. In formal speech, you avoid using the second-person pronoun “너” (you) as it can sound too direct or rude. Instead, you use more indirect ways to address someone.
  • 존댓말: “선생님, 어디 가세요?” (Teacher, where are you going?)
  • 반말: “너 어디 가?” (Where are you going?)

7. Conclusion: Why Using Polite Speech Matters

Polite speech is integral to building respect and positive relationships in Korean culture. By mastering honorifics, you can communicate more effectively, avoid misunderstandings, and ensure that you are always showing respect in your interactions.

Always remember to practice using 존댓말 in your interactions. As you grow more comfortable, you’ll be able to navigate various social situations more easily, making your Korean learning journey smoother and more rewarding.